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2011年12月31日星期六
世界上伟大的基督宗教文化创始人----耶稣。律法和先知一切道理的总纲-chenxinmaqin
世界上伟大的基督宗教文化创始人----耶稣
耶稣是基督宗教教义的中心人物,也是基督宗教的创始人。在基督宗教中,也称为耶稣基督(Iēsous Christos或Iēsous Christos)。基督为意为受膏者,指上帝敷以圣膏而派其降世的救世主,本为尊称,后常与耶稣连称。也有人称他为拿撒勒人耶稣。
耶稣(也称为基督(在教会中意为品为至尊贵者),意思是王、弥赛亚、教会中称为默西亚为救世主之意)2000年前生于以色列。现代文明把时间分为公元前(即基督前)和公元(即主年)的纪年方式来纪念耶稣的诞生。耶稣在30岁以前是个木匠,过着犹太人的传统生活。当时以色列全境都处于罗马皇帝恺撒的独裁统治之下,包括耶稣出生的伯利恒和成长的拿撒勒。
耶稣三十岁以后开始教导众人,行神迹,并被记载下来。但他从来都没有远行到距离出生地200英里(大约320公里)以外的地方。耶稣在三年的时间里一直尽力保持低调,但他的名声还是传遍了全国,引起了设在以色列各省执政掌权的罗马官员和犹太领袖(宗教律法师)的注意。耶稣传讲的信息主要有:上帝爱你并与你同在,彼此相爱,每个人都极其宝贵(福音:上帝的国度已经临到地上;关乎天堂或地狱的审判的实际情况;若求告上帝,上帝就必赦免)。
耶稣最受争议的就是他一直声称自己就是上帝,直接干犯了律法。因而宗教领袖要求罗马政府处死他。罗马当局几次审讯都没发现耶稣触犯了罗马的法律。就连犹太人的领袖也承认,耶稣除了自称为上帝之外,完好地遵行了犹太人的律法。但他们还是以对政府不利为由,说服以色列南省的罗马总督彼拉多下令将耶稣处决。
耶稣残忍地遭到严刑拷打,然后双手被人挂起来,钉在一根水平的木梁(十字架)上。这种行刑方法使得空气无法吸入肺部,三小时以后他就死了。然而,有500多人却见证说,他三天以后从死里复活了,而且此后的40天里在以色列的南北两省走动。很多人认为这就足以证明耶稣自称为上帝是真实的。后来,耶稣返回了自己不久前遇害的城市耶路撒冷,见证人说他从那里离开了地球,升到天上去了。
因为这些神奇的事件,跟随耶稣的人数大大增加了。根据史料记载,仅仅几个月之后,也是在耶路撒冷城一天之内就增添了大约3000跟随者。宗教领袖执意镇压跟随耶稣的人,但他们当中许许多多的人宁愿去死也不肯否认耶稣就是真神的信仰。
不到100年的时间,罗马全境(小亚细亚、欧洲)到处都有人跟随了耶稣。公元325年,跟随耶稣的信仰(基督教)被罗马皇帝君士坦丁确立为合法宗教。公元391年罗马皇帝宣布基督宗教为帝国的国教。 500年以后,希腊境内希腊诸神的庙宇也都改造成了教会,成为跟随耶稣的人聚会的场所。虽然耶稣传讲的部分信息在宗教机构扩张的过程中没有受到应有的重视,甚至被人错误地传播,但耶稣的原话以及他的生命本身仍然万古长存。
古兰经称为尔萨,是伊斯兰教六大先知之一,被称为“真主的灵气”,仅次于至圣先知、封印使者穆罕默德,承认他肉身升天,但不认为他是真主的独生子,也不认为他曾经死而复活;新约圣经称为基督,是基督宗教的中心人物和上帝。
基督教信仰的救世主,基督教的创始人。其称号基督为希伯来文弥赛亚(意为受膏者,原指上帝派来拯救以色列的救世主)之希腊文译音。根据《新约》四福音书的记载,耶稣是上帝之子,由童贞女玛丽亚受圣灵感孕,生于伯利恒城客店的马厩之中。耶稣成年后从施洗约翰受洗,并经受了40天的考验,后开始在犹太各地和巴勒斯坦的加利利传教。他率领其12个门徒一方面宣传天国将临、悔改得救的福音,一方面治病救人,扶危助困。其教义宣扬“爱上帝爱邻人”、“爱人如己”,并抨击了当时的当权者和犹太教的某些戒规,因而遭到犹太教上层分子的忌恨。在逾越节前夕,被其门徒之一犹大所出卖,以“诱惑国民”和“僭称犹太人之王”的罪名,被钉死在十字架上。死后第三日复活,并显现于众门徒中,第40日升天。关于耶稣其人的历史性问题,曾经引起学术界的争议。历史实证主义者力图剔除早期教会传说的信仰成分,要求返回有关耶稣的原始事实。而许多神学家如利奇尔等则认为不能把历史上的耶稣与信仰中的基督分开。从公元1世纪犹太史学家约瑟弗斯的《犹太古史》和古罗马史学家塔西陀的《编年史》中,都可以找到关于耶稣的一些资料,这些资料间接地说明了历史上的确出现过耶稣其人。
名人评耶稣
在人类历史洪流中,曾经出现过无数的英雄人物。他们都是叱咤风云、震撼一时的伟人。但到底哪一位在人们心坎里留下了久远的痕迹呢?
现代杰出的历史学家威尔斯给出的答案是——耶稣。威尔斯本身不是基督徒,他以专家的角度经过长期的研究和客观的分析之后,认为耶稣在人类历史中留下久远的影响力。德高望重的伟大历史学家汤因比说,耶稣基督是最崇高之道德标准,是至圣至善的超人。
举世闻名的法国皇帝拿破仑一世,在十八至十九世纪,曾率领百万雄师,横扫亚、欧、非三大洲,建立了帝国。可是,最终只身放逐在南大西洋圣赫勒拿岛上。临死之前说:“我曾率领过百万雄师,而今连一兵一卒都没有了!我曾横扫三大洲、建立雄霸天下的大帝国,而今连立足之地都没有了!我远比不上拿撒勒的耶稣基督。他没有一兵一卒,也没有占领过一寸土地,可是,他的国却建立在人心里,他已经赢得了千千万万的心灵,使他们心甘情愿为他牺牲、为他服务,并且把他的福音传遍天下……”
以上几位都是独具慧眼的人,决不会轻易颂扬某一位人物。因此,他们对耶稣的评语,应具有相当份量。
耶稣的宣称
耶稣说过他是上帝的儿子,与上帝同等:耶稣宣称自己有赦罪的权柄,又说他有一天要审判世界——世人终极命运如何,全在乎他们在世之时,如何看待耶稣。
已故剑桥大学教授、名作家鲁益师(C·S·Lewies)说得好:“如果耶稣只是凡人,却说出‘新约圣经所记的’那些话,他就绝对不可能是万世师表!他要么是疯到一个程度说自己是个皮蛋,要么是地狱的恶魔——我们必须作出选择:耶稣若非上帝之子,就必然是狂人(甚至比狂人更恐怖的人!)……不要再自以为是地胡说耶稣是什么“万世师表”了——他的言行催迫我们选定路向——这当中不存在着模棱两可的犹疑!”
耶稣的品格
很多不会自称为基督徒的人,却会同意耶稣的一生是“毫不利己,全心为人”的完美榜样。大文豪陀妥也夫斯基(F.M.Dostoevsky)说:“我相信不会有人比耶稣更可爱、更有深度、更仁厚、更纯洁。虽不情愿,但不可不承认:‘从来没有人能与耶稣相比,将来也不会有人能比得上他。’”
耶稣的教导,是举世公认最纯全、最深刻的教训——比古今中外任何哲人学士所说的都好。
鲁益师说:“事实摆在眼前,耶稣显然不是疯子或恶魔,因此,不论我觉得如何离奇、惊诧、难以置信,仍不得不承认一件事实:耶稣的的确确是上帝。上帝曾经道成肉身,来到这被仇敌占据的世界。”
耶稣为什么降世为人?
耶稣是唯一一个自己决定要来到世间的人,也是极少数甘愿受死的人。耶稣曾经说过,他降世的唯一目的就是为我们死:“人子来……要舍命,作多人的赎价。”
十字架是人类历史上数一数二的残酷刑具。历史学家西塞罗(Cicero)形容十字架的刑罚是“酷刑中最残忍可怖之酷刑。”
耶稣被钉十字架前,要先被绑在一条柱子上受鞭打;那鞭子不是普通的皮鞭,而是4、5条镶有尖刺铅粒的皮条带合成的鞭子。主后三世界教会史学家西比乌斯(Eusebius)这样描述罗马人的鞭刑:“犯人皮开肉绽,肌腱与内脏尽现!”
耶稣受完鞭刑,还要被迫把六尺长的十字架背到受刑的山上去(耶稣途中不支倒地)。耶稣到了钉十字架地地方,兵丁用六寸长的大钉子,猛力去钉耶稣的手腕和脚,钉牢了,就把十字架竖起来。耶稣悬挂在十字架上有六个钟头之久,他的生命在难以言喻的剧痛中,一点点的流逝。
可是耶稣受的最大痛苦并不关于肉体,甚至不关于精神,却关乎灵性——耶稣背负我们的罪,不得不与至圣的父上帝暂时隔绝。
圣经这样记载
主耶稣,您是谁?为何能深得两位史学家的赞赏。耶稣是一位木匠的儿子,生于一千九百多年前。终其一生只在巴勒斯坦一带不出四百里的范围内活动,他英年早逝,只活了三十三岁,就被罗马人以莫须有的罪名处死。二千年悠悠岁月、不知逝去了多少国家和伟人。许多主义、学说被淘汰,几许英雄豪杰被人遗忘。但耶稣始终仍然受到人的尊敬与爱戴。
主耶稣,您是谁?您生前寂寞无闻。死后却影响了人类历史近二千年之久,且继续左右着人类的历史文化。
耶稣!您究竟是谁?您既不是音乐家,又不是教育家,更不是医学家和作家,为何世上出色的音乐家都因您的名创作了无数伟大的乐章?为何千万所学校因你而创办?为何众多医院因你而兴建?为何全世界的作家常以您生平的言论为题材,写出无数不朽的名著?世界上没有一间图书馆能容纳所有与您有关的著作。甚至年销千万册的圣经,书中的主角仍是您。
主耶稣,您到底是谁?您令世上才智一流之士也拜您为主为师。人类的纪元竟以您的降生为分水岭。人们称您出生前的年代为公元前(BC),您出生之后的年代称为公元或主后(AD)。
每年的圣诞节、复活节,都以您——耶稣为主角的,前者是庆贺您的出生。后者为纪念您从死里复活。复活确实令人有些费解和惊喜。人人都不免一死,从来没有听过人能胜过死亡,而您,唯独不能被死拘禁,从坟墓里复活过来,且活到今天,活到永永远远。耶稣,您真令人惊诧,每个礼拜天,全世界将近十六多亿人到教堂唱诗、赞美和敬拜您。
耶稣,您是谁?您到底是谁?从来没有人像您一样赢得亿万人的心。您曾经这样教导人:
“见劳苦担重担的人,可以到我这里来,我就使你们得安息。”
“不要为明无忧虑,因为明天有明天的忧虑,一天的难处一天当就够了。”
“你们听见有话说:当爱你的邻舍,恨你的仇敌。只有我告诉你们,要爱你们的仇敌,为那逼迫你们的祷告。”
“我就是道路,真理、生命,若不借着我,没有人能到父那里去。”
耶稣,您是谁?为何您的话闪闪发光,带着能力、智慧和权柄,使无数人领受了您的话之后。心灵得着平安喜乐!您的话,成了信徒生命路上的光,脚前的灯。您的活改变了无数罪犯,使他们不再犯罪,瘾君子不再吸毒,都成了新造的人。您的话使伤心无助的人得到安慰帮助。您的话叫人的生命更丰盛。
耶稣,您到底是谁?耶稣,您是宇宙万物的创造者,是一切罪人的拯救,是心灵忧伤者的安慰。为了世人,您甘愿从创造者的身份降卑为人。为了世人,您舍去宝贵的生命,代替世人接受罪的刑罚。人类因您的死免去了上帝的审判和定罪。只有靠着您,才能与上帝和好,只有藉着您,人才能来到圣洁公义的上帝面前,得蒙喜悦——因您是永生上帝的爱子,是人类的救赎主。
“因我们还软弱的时候,基督就按所定的日期为罪人死。为义人死,少有的,为仁人死,或者有敢做的。谁有基督在我们还是罪人的时候,为我们死,上帝的爱就在此向我们显明了。”“我们作仇敌的时候,且藉着耶稣基督的死得与上帝和好,既已和好,就更藉着他以上帝为乐。”
耶稣的出身
公元前1世纪到公元1世纪期间,“耶稣”在希腊化的犹太人中是一个非常普通的名字,其希伯来语义是“上主是救主”。希伯来圣经--基督宗教的旧约全书--其中一卷以其希伯来名字“约书亚”命名,约书亚是旧约中保摩西的接班人,以色列民族历史上第一位军事统帅;在摩西带领以色列全民族出埃及过红海、流浪旷野40年后,是约书亚率领以色列人西渡约旦河、夺取迦南地定居,奠定了以色列王国的版图基础。今日的以色列国的版图,基本上承袭了约书亚的遗产。两约之间的犹太人很多以“约书亚”的亚兰语名字“耶书亚”或希腊语名字“耶稣”为自己的儿子命名。《圣经·新约全书》记载了5个“耶稣”:
1. 拿撒勒人耶稣;
2. 拉巴的儿子耶稣(耶稣·巴拉巴;
3. 使徒圣保罗的同工耶稣(中文圣经和合本译作“耶数);
4. 犹太会堂的管理人耶孙(“耶孙”是希腊语中“耶稣”的受格);
5. 巫师巴耶稣的父亲(“巴耶稣”意思是“耶稣的儿子”)。
本词条所涉及的是拿撒勒人耶稣,被基督宗教的教徒称为耶稣基督。
拿撒勒人耶稣的养父约瑟和生母玛丽娅都是以色列北方拿撒勒镇的居民,以色列历史上第二位国王、大卫王朝的创始人大卫王的直系后裔;玛丽娅是施洗约翰的生母伊丽莎白的表妹。在他们订婚后、还没有结婚前,玛丽娅声称天使长加百列向她显现,告知她从圣灵怀孕,将要生一个名叫耶稣的男孩,被称为圣者、上帝的儿子和“以马内利”(上帝与人同在);约瑟因为尚未和玛丽娅圆房,于是打算暗中解除婚约,不料在梦中遇见天使长加百列,确认了玛丽娅的信息。
在罗马帝国首任皇帝奥古斯都·恺撒在位期间曾经做过若干次人口普查,其中一次是玛丽娅将要生产耶稣前后。按规定,约瑟和将要临盆的玛丽娅回到原籍伯利恒镇登记人口,该镇位于以色列东部偏南地区。由于各个客栈人满为患,约瑟和玛丽娅只得住在客栈的马厩中,玛丽娅分娩后,一个马槽就成为小耶稣的摇篮;当晚,几个牧羊人从郊外赶来,声称一个天使指示他们来拜见马槽中的圣婴,即未来的弥赛亚。不久,又有几个来自东方的博学之士辗转经耶路撒冷来伯利恒朝见圣婴,宣称耶稣未来要作以色列国王。
耶稣遇难与复活
在他遇难的前夕,耶稣和他的门徒们在耶路撒冷相会,庆祝犹太教的逾越节。在共进晚餐的时候,耶稣用无酵饼和葡萄酒来向门徒们阐述他即将面临的死亡所具有的意义。从此以后,基督徒们用定期的圣餐仪式来纪念这顿晚餐(基督徒们称之为“最后的晚餐”)。
晚餐后,耶稣走出耶路撒冷城,在橄榄山麓的客西马尼园向上帝祈祷了一些时间。当夜,他就被非法逮捕,被带到大祭司和犹太教最高评议会(Sanhedrin)面前,遭到非法刑讯和非法审判;最后被交给罗马帝国的犹地亚州总督本丢·彼拉多(Pontius Pilate),彼拉多把耶稣移交给杀害施洗约翰的分封王希律,希律又将耶稣退还彼拉多。彼拉多一个人就可以批准死刑,在公众强大的压力下,彼拉多后来恰恰就是这么做的。
就在耶路撒冷城外,耶稣被钉在十字架上,直到他窒息而死,这是全世界的基督徒在耶稣受难日(Good Friday)要回忆的事件。一位追随耶稣的神秘人物——阿瑞马西亚的约瑟夫——向彼拉多要来了耶稣的尸体,并把它埋葬在自己还没有使用过的坟墓里——从一整块磐石中凿出的一个墓穴。
注:福音书记载了耶稣在十字架上说的最后七句话。长期以来,“十架七言”是基督徒在耶稣受难节(Good Friday)里使用的祈祷辞的核心部分。
第三天,几个女人来到耶稣的坟墓为他的身体擦香油。这项任务本该在人去世后立即完成,但是耶稣去世的时候已接近礼拜五傍晚,犹太人的安息日是从礼拜五的日落后到礼拜六的日落前,而犹太人在这天不能做任何事情;尤其是这个安息日是逾越节的安息日,对犹太教有着十分特殊的重大意义,除非迫不得已,犹太人绝不会做触摸尸体等不洁净物品及其它诸如此类的事情;所以为耶稣的尸体涂抹膏油这件事,被推迟到了下一个星期的第一天(周日)黎明时分,也就是耶稣死后第三天的拂晓,逾越节安息日后的第一个白昼将临之时。当这些女人到达坟墓的时候,她们发现坟墓入口的石头已经滚开,而且坟墓里是空的;她们还碰到几位天使,并被告知耶稣已经复活了。就在那一天,耶稣在他的门徒中间出现,以后还现身过两次。在接着的几周内,关于耶稣身体复活的消息被传播给越来越多的人们。
在耶稣遇难后的最初几天里,耶稣的门徒们在耶路撒冷紧紧拥抱在一起,希望自己不会遭遇和耶稣一样的命运;当耶稣多次向不同的门徒群体显现后,耶稣的门徒们才非常迟缓地明白了耶稣复活的真相。逐渐地,他们明白耶稣是另一种新的“弥赛亚”——不是一个世俗的国王,而是一个天上的统治者。复活后第四十天,耶稣在门徒们的注视下升入了天堂,这是一些基督徒们在耶稣升天节(Ascension Day)里要庆祝的大事。在离开世上之前,耶稣对门徒许诺,他将为他们派遣一位安抚者或者保惠师——即“圣灵”(Holy Spirit),“圣灵”将永远和他们在一起。
他为要拯救我们世人,从天降临,因着圣灵、并由童贞女玛丽娅成肉身,而为一个男人;在本丢彼拉多手下,为我们钉于十字架上、受难、埋葬;照圣经第三日复活;并升天,坐在父的右边;将来必有荣耀再降临,审判活人死人;他的国度永无穷尽。——《尼西亚信经》(Nicend Creed)
耶稣从死里复活的证据实在无懈可击。当耶稣的门徒跑进了耶稣的坟墓里,他们发现耶稣的尸身不见了,只剩下裹尸布叠在一旁。
其后六个礼拜,有超过500人亲眼看见耶稣。本来已灰心丧气的门徒们,生命就此忽然改换一新,基督教会也就此诞生,并且增长迅猛!
前英国首席大法令勋爵(Lord Darling)说过:“支持耶稣从死里复活的证据确凿——不论正面证据、反面证据、事实证据、环境证据,都不存在任何破绽!任何头脑清醒的陪审团,必然会作出一致的判决:耶稣复活的历史事实千真万确。”
对这些事实唯一合理的解释是,耶稣曾经从死里复活,所以证明他真是上帝的儿子。
弥赛亚
弥赛亚是什么人呢?大卫王之子所罗门王驾崩之后,以色列王国分裂了。公元前8世纪,北方的以色列王国被亚述帝国灭亡,以色列12支派中的北方10个支派被掳掠到亚述首都,分散到帝国各地,最终成了失散的10个支派;公元前6世纪,南方的犹大王国被迦勒底新巴比伦帝国灭亡,国民大部分被掳掠到了巴比伦城,再分布到帝国全境。从此以色列亡国。以色列民族从旧约全书的预言中得知,大卫王的直系后裔将兴起一位国王,能统帅全民族恢复大卫-所罗门王父子两代王国的光荣,这位“大卫的子孙”被称为“弥赛亚”--“弥赛亚”在希伯来语中意思是“受膏者”,即“被上帝膏抹的人”,其希腊语名称为“基督”。
玛代-波斯帝国灭亡迦勒底新巴比伦帝国后,允许以色列人返回犹大省定居,重建耶路撒冷和所罗门圣殿。亚历山大大帝灭亡玛代-波斯帝国后不久,以色列又沦为希腊化之叙利亚王国的殖民地。公元前2世纪末叶至公元前1世纪前叶,犹大支派的马加比家族带头反抗叙利亚国王践踏信仰自由和民族尊严的独裁暴政,以色列一度短期独立,后又被罗马共和国灭亡,沦为罗马帝国的殖民地。由于马加比家族虽属于犹大支派,但不是大卫王族,所以,犹太人一直盼望大卫王族兴起一位救星,成为复国中兴的民族英雄。
如今,新生儿耶稣的生母玛丽娅、养父约瑟、那些牧羊人和东方博学之士都宣称耶稣就是那位弥赛亚,这种传闻引起当时的犹太统治者大希律王的恐慌。当时以色列实行双轨统治,一方面派驻罗马总督,另一方面由以东人大希律作国王。以东人的祖先以东和以色列人的祖先以色列是孪生兄弟,他俩的父亲以撒和阿拉伯人的祖先以实马利是同父异母的兄弟,以实马利是亚伯拉罕的长子,以撒是亚伯拉罕的次子和嫡长子(《古兰经》称亚伯拉罕为易卜拉欣,称以实马利为易司马仪)。以东民族历史上多次为以色列王国和犹大王国统治,所以让一个以东人作以色列的国王,是对以色列民族很大的侮辱。大希律王为了保住自己的王位,一面讨好罗马当局,一面修缮圣殿、取悦以色列人,一面谋杀政敌。此刻,襁褓中的耶稣成了他的暗杀目标。
约瑟得到天使警告,带着玛丽娅和耶稣逃往埃及。大希律在伯利恒找不到圣婴,就残忍地将该城两岁以下的男童都杀害了。当年大希律死掉,约瑟和玛丽娅带着耶稣回到老家拿撒勒定居;约瑟和玛丽娅圆房,生了雅各、约西、西门、犹大四个儿子和几个女儿(天主教传统认为这几位是耶稣的堂弟堂妹,圣母玛丽娅终身童贞、肉身升天。新教发现这种传统缺乏圣经原文语义的支持,况且圣母玛丽娅是犹太人、为圣民,出身于大卫王族、为神圣家族,为圣者耶稣的母亲,又是耶稣基督的门徒、为圣徒,所以才被称为圣母)。
拿撒勒人耶稣从小就知道自己的使命,曾于12岁随约瑟和玛丽娅去耶路撒冷朝觐时滞留在圣殿中好多天,自称“要以我父的家为念”。30岁去约旦河找到表兄施洗约翰受洗;洗礼结束时,圣灵降临在他身上,一个声音在天上对他说:“你是朕的爱子;朕喜悦你。”
拿撒勒人耶稣从此呼召门徒、传扬福音,从门徒中选立12人作使徒。由于他的信仰及其实践与犹太宗教领袖尖锐对立,受到犹太权贵迫害。他33岁那年正月在赴耶路撒冷途中,他的女门徒玛丽娅用一瓶价格昂贵的真哪达香膏来膏抹他;耶稣基督说这是为他自己安葬用的;这个玛丽娅既不是圣母玛丽娅,也不是抹大拉的玛丽娅,而是另一个女门徒玛莎的妹妹,她俩的兄弟拉撒路死后下葬四天,被坟墓外的耶稣基督从坟墓中唤醒。
耶稣基督的一个使徒伊斯卡利奥·犹大以30枚银币的价格将耶稣基督出卖给了犹太权贵。耶稣基督于逾越节前夜在耶路撒冷城郊橄榄山麓的客西马尼园被非法逮捕,随后遭到非法刑讯和非法审判,被交给罗马帝国犹大省总督本丢·彼拉多;彼拉多迫于压力,释放了强盗耶稣·巴拉巴,而将耶稣基督钉死在城郊髑髅地的十字架上,当天下葬于磐石穴中。次日,彼拉多应犹太大祭司要求,派兵把守耶稣基督的坟墓。
耶稣基督死后第三日清晨,圣母玛丽娅及其他几位女门徒发现耶稣基督的坟墓空了,随后身体复活的耶稣基督多次向他的门徒和弟弟妹妹显现;复活后第40日,耶稣基督当众升天,预告自己将在世界末日时再来审判全地、审判罪恶、审判活人死人。
耶稣基督的教导
耶稣基督的教导非常耐人寻味。《圣经·新约全书·马太福音》第五章3—12节记载耶稣基督山中训众的话说:
“虚心的人有福了!因为天国是他们的。
哀恸的人有福了!因为他们必得安慰。
温柔的人有福了!因为他们必承受地土。
饥渴慕义的人有福了!因为他们必得饱足。
怜恤人的人有福了!因为他们必蒙怜恤。
清心的人有福了!因为他们必得见上帝。
使人和睦的人有福了!因为他们必称为上帝的儿子。
为义受逼迫的人有福了!因为天国是他们的。
人若因我辱骂你们,逼迫你们,捏造各样坏话毁谤你们,你们就有福了!应当欢喜快乐!因为你们在天上的赏赐是大的;在你们以前的先知,人也是这样逼迫他们。”
第四十三节和第四十四节中就阐述了一个十分鲜明的观点。
你听人说过:你要爱自己的街坊,恨自己的敌人。
但是我想告诉你:你要爱自己的敌人,祝福诅咒你的人。
对恨你的人行善,为虐待你的人和迫害你的人祈祷。
在这一段的前几行中有这样的话:“不要反抗恶行,谁要打你的右脸,把左脸也伸过去。”
这些观念当然算是曾出现过的最著名的、最富有创新精神的道德观念,因为这些观念不是耶稣时代的犹太教的一部分,也不是其他宗教的一部分。
《圣经·新约全书·马太福音》第16章记载,耶稣基督问他的门徒:“你们说我是谁?”首席使徒西门彼得回答:“您是基督,是永生上帝的儿子。”耶稣基督答复他说:“西门巴约拿,你是有福的!因为这不是属血肉的指示你的,乃是我在天上的父指示的。我还告诉你,你是彼得,我要把我的教会建造在这磐石上;阴间的权柄,不能胜过他(“权柄”原文作“门”)。我要把天国的钥匙给你,凡你在地上所捆绑的,在天上也要捆绑;凡你在地上所释放的,在天上也要释放。”随后便预言自己将去耶路撒冷,被犹太权贵逮捕侮辱,被交给罗马人处死,并于第三日复活。这些话在当时真的令人瞠目结舌!
《圣经·新约全书·约翰福音》第6章记载,耶稣基督在用五饼二鱼喂饱五千男子及其随行的妇女儿童后次日,对听众说:“我实实在在地告诉你们,你们若不吃人子的肉,不喝人子的血,就没有生命在你们里面。吃我肉喝我血的人就有永生,在末日我要叫他复活。我的肉真是可吃的;我的血真是可喝的。吃我肉喝我血的人常在我里面,我也常在他里面。永活的父怎样差我来,我又因父活着;照样,吃我肉的人也要因我活着。这就是从天上降下来的粮。吃这粮的人就永远活着,不象你们的祖宗吃过吗哪还是死了。”类似这些充满借喻、暗喻及其他比喻的话,使得耶稣基督非常令人难以理解。
直至耶稣基督死而复活之后,他的这些教导才逐渐为人理解,因为毕竟其他任何宗教的教主都不曾死而复活,况且还是替罪人赎罪而死。这是一个独一无二的历史事件。
耶稣生平
基督教教义宣称耶稣基督是童贞女玛丽娅受圣灵感孕(也有少女一说,但这种说法一般认为是异端)所生,他是上帝的儿子道为肉身(incarnation),宣扬上帝的国已经降临的信息,到处医病和赶鬼,并挑战犹太传统,因而被判钉死于十字架上,以最羞辱的方式死亡。但他三天后从死里复活,向世人证明自己钉十字架前所宣扬的道是真理,凡信他的人将来必像他一样身体复活;他的复活也证明自己是旧约先知所预言的“默西亚/弥赛亚Messiah”,凡信靠他的人在末世审判的时候,可以得到永生。
中文‘基督'是音译希腊文的Christos,而Christos是希伯来文“弥赛亚”(Messiah)的希腊语翻译。在旧约圣经弥赛亚的意思是上帝的受膏者(the anointed one),是上帝膏立的君王或先知。旧约圣经中的大卫王就是上帝的受膏者。到了两约之间的时间(约公元前二世纪),在犹太教的文献中显示,他们极渴望弥赛亚的来临,弥赛亚在这时的意思是一位上帝差派下来、像大卫王一样充满权能的救世者。他要拯救犹太人脱离罗马人的统治。但自从耶稣从死里复活后,一些追随耶稣的犹太人发现,上帝差派下来的弥赛亚不单要拯救犹太人,而且要拯救全世界的人,使凡信他的人得享永生,于是宣告耶稣是真正的弥赛亚,是基督,故称他为耶稣基督(Jesus Christ)。中文译名方面,东正教根据希腊文译作“基利斯督”,而天主教和新教只取首末两个字。
耶稣基督在养父约瑟的祖籍、当时罗马帝国犹太行省的伯利恒出生,其后为逃避当时犹太的长官大希律王的追杀令而远走埃及,至到大希律王死后才回到约瑟的居住地、加利利行省的拿撒勒定居(一说“拿撒勒”这个地名是耶稣死后才命名的)。后来接受施洗约翰的洗礼,开始在加利利一带开展传道工作,并在信徒当中亲自拣选了12人成为入室的使徒。在约33年时,由耶利哥城前往耶路撒冷,受到群众的欢迎。但由于各种宗教和世俗的原因,当时的犹太人对耶稣基督非常憎恨。他们收买了耶稣十二门徒之一的加略人犹大,以30块银的价钱和他串通,以亲吻耶稣为号,把耶稣拘捕,并控以“自称为犹太人的王”的罪名。在群众压力下,被本丢彼拉多判处钉死在十字架上,并随即押往髑髅地的刑场。据圣经记载耶稣死后被安葬于髑髅地附近的一个墓室。三天后复活,并回到加利利与众门徒见面,并于40日后升天。
过去学界有很大的争论,怀疑是否真有“耶稣基督”此人。他们的论据有三:
首先,耶稣的出生年份自相矛盾。由于当时罗马的历法非常混乱,使当时的日期记录非常不准确。所以耶稣出生的年份,由公元前6年至公元后6年的任何一年都有可能。(现已证实大约在公元前6至4年出生)(具圣经记载应该为公元6世纪)
其次,“耶稣”其实只是“约书亚”的希腊式写法,而“约书亚”其实是一个非常普通的名字,其字的意思是耶和华的拯救。单单在拿撒勒,据历史记载,就已经有至少三个“约书亚”。而未有证据证实这三个“约书亚”的其中一人可能是耶稣基督。
再次,耶稣的行事并未有在其他历史书内记载,使人怀疑其可信程度。
但某些学者称,随着考古学的新发现,不少来自公元1世纪的文献(包括来自当时反对耶稣基督的地方官员和祭司的文书记录),都间接证实了耶稣在各地所行的事,以及被杀时的特异天象。不过,这些证据并没有使所有怀疑者信服。同时,也没有可信的理由或者证据说基督教信徒为何要使用伪托的人物代表其领袖。
大部分研究人员认为耶稣确有其人,曾以类似先知身份出现和进入耶路撒冷,并由于宗教或者民族的理由被当局所杀;但教会其他方面的传统说法并没有获得信徒以外的研究者广泛接受。
新约所记耶稣事迹与思想大要
①出生与受洗。关于耶稣诞生及幼年的记载,见于《马太福音》和《路加福音》,后据此衍化为圣诞节的传说。《新约》其他部分对此事都没有任何论述。四福音书中成书最早的《马可福音》,则以耶稣30岁时受施洗约翰之洗为起首。1世纪犹太历史学家约瑟弗斯对施洗约翰的事曾有记载。他说施洗约翰是个“义人”,“他号召犹太人遵循义路,叫人人对待邻人要公道,在上帝面前为人虔敬并要前来受洗……”(《犹太古事记》第18卷第 5章)。耶稣受约翰之洗亦见于“马太”和“路加”,可见此事在早期基督教的口传材料中,占有相当重要的地位。在晚出的《约翰福音》中未提耶稣受洗于约翰的事,而仅说约翰给耶稣作见证,证明耶稣就是那将要来的弥赛亚救世主。福音书称,耶稣在受洗时,真切感到自己是“上帝的爱子”。并觉得自己和一般人不同,与上帝有一种特殊的密切关系,到世界来负有一种特殊的使命。
②在加利利的传道。施洗约翰在群众中间有很大影响。他因指责当时的统治者希律王被捕入狱。约翰被捕后,耶稣在巴勒斯坦北部加利利地区开始传道。据《约翰福音》记载,在此之前他曾在南部犹太地传道。他宣传的主要内容是:上帝的国近了,要悔改相信福音。耶稣所说的“天国”就是“上帝的国”。
③呼召门徒。耶稣深感他所进行的传道事业需要人们的帮助,因此呼召他所选中的12人作为门徒。最初的4个门徒是西门(又名彼得)、安得烈、雅各和约翰,他们都是渔人。彼得的家在加利利的重要城市迦百农。耶稣以迦百农为根据地,把“天国的福音”传遍加利利一带。
④行神迹。耶稣除传道外,还行了许多神迹。福音书记载耶稣所行神迹,可分自然神迹(如呼斥风浪平息、使死人复活等)和治病赶鬼两类。基督教传统观点认为耶稣是上帝之子,施行神迹,足以证明他具有神能,同时救死扶伤,表彰上帝的慈爱。近代以来有些人对此表示怀疑或否定,而从新的角度作出各种解释。
⑤与当权者的冲突。据福音书记载,耶稣与当时在犹太教中占统治地位的法利赛人和撒都该人的冲突,主要是宗教见解的不同。例如耶稣声称自己有赦罪的权柄,而法利赛人中的文士认为这是僭妄。耶稣不同意法利赛人关于守安息日的烦琐教条。他在安息日为人治病激怒了一些当权者。耶稣同情被法利赛人称为罪人的下层民众,和他们一同吃喝,法利赛人因此更加敌视耶稣。耶稣自称是弥赛亚,是上帝的儿子,因此大祭司定耶稣为有罪,把他交给彼拉多,要求将其钉十字架处死。
福音书作者有意强调耶稣不是政治性的弥赛亚。有一次,群众要拥戴耶稣作王,他退到山上去了。但少数学者根据约瑟弗斯著作的斯拉夫文译本,认为耶稣及其门徒的活动,具有现实政治意义。耶稣的宣传激起广大群众要求民族解放,摆脱罗马统治的强烈意识,他的追随者确曾用武力反抗过罗马帝国。
⑥被捕、受死与复活。四福音书都以耶稣在耶路撒冷被捕、受死与复活为结束。关于耶稣复活的传说,在基督教教义和神学中占有十分重要的地位。据福音书记述,耶稣生前曾几次预言他将要受难,第3天复活。耶稣死后第3天清早,人们发现他已复活,耶稣的门徒起初并不相信,当天晚上耶稣乃向门徒显现,后又多次向众人显现。
⑦上帝与天国的思想。根据福音书,“上帝是父”为耶稣的最重要思想。他曾以浪子为比喻:小儿子将父亲分给他的产业挥霍殆尽后醒悟,决心向父亲忏悔。父亲不仅没有责备他,而且为他设宴庆贺,说这个儿子是死而复活,失而又得。耶稣以此说明上帝对世人的态度。
耶稣另一个重要思想是上帝的国。一般《新约》研究者认为上帝的国特指“上帝的统治”。当时犹太人认为当上帝的国实现的时候,他们要从异国的压迫下得到解放,弥赛亚来临统治世界。耶稣理想中上帝的国不局限于犹太民族,而及于全人类;并且,它不是属于物质的,而是一种精神境界,有资格进入上帝国的是小孩子,是那些自感灵性贫乏的人,是那些为正义遭受迫害的人。关于耶稣的使命,除了宣告上帝国即将来临之外,他自己总结为“人子来,不是要受人的服事,乃是要服事人;并且要舍命,作多人的赎价”。关于舍命救赎众人之说,在福音书中仅此一处,其意义在学者中尚有争议。基督教把这一救赎思想,作为耶稣基督的最重要使命,称他为救世主。
⑧伦理观。耶稣伦理观的出发点是其宗教观。既然上帝是父,所以人类都应该是弟兄。耶稣斥责犹太教的民族偏见,他称赞一个因扶贫济困而被犹太教徒歧视的撒马利亚人。他认为人的生命比全世界的财富更宝贵,主张信徒之间要彼此相爱。耶稣没有制定道德规条,而只是讲一些原则,他将犹太教律法归结为“尽心、尽性、尽意、爱……上帝”和“爱人如己”,认为这就是“律法和先知一切道理的总纲”。
耶稣诞生年份
现时公历以耶稣出生之年为公元一年。但其实,这个定义在6世纪才出现。据说当时东罗马为了修订历法,以替代混乱非常的罗马历法,就请当时精通天文的僧侣建议一个更合理的纪年标准。由于自君士坦丁大帝以后,罗马帝国举国改信基督教,僧侣就决定改以耶稣出世的年份为新纪元一年。当时的僧侣就基于圣经上“耶稣被处决时约三十多岁”,就在耶稣处决那一年的年份减去三十,作为新纪元的元年。
事实上,根据新约圣经里各个篇章的记载,耶稣的出生日期可得出不同结论:
公元6年
路加福音里,记载着耶稣的父母因为人口普查而返回位于伯利恒的家乡。若根据历史上有关人口普查的年份,应该为公元后6年。不过,近年有新的考古证据指公元前6年亦曾举行过一次人口普查。
公元前6年
马太福音里,马太提及过耶稣出生时,(大)希律王曾下令屠杀犹太的新生婴儿,以免王位受到威胁。历史学家计算出大希律王在公元前4年去世,所以耶稣其实应该在公元前4年或以前出生。按最近的推算,耶稣其实应该在约公元前6年出世。然而,有历史学家指出,在那段时间的前后,位于犹太省和加利利省有三个名为“希律”的“王”出现过。对于马太所指的希律是哪一位,其实还有商榷的余地。
公元前7年
马太福音第二章亦提及过,有东方三博士因为夜观天象而被引领到伯利恒。梁燕城牧师在考证过中国东汉时的天文记录,以及明星在天上的轨迹后,推断出当时应该为公元前7年。
http://bbs.news.163.com/bbs/shishi/165185252.html#1
Hell
Hell
One of the most misunderstood topics today is the idea of hell. Where do sinners go when they die? What does the Bible say about it?
Introduction
We're told in 1 Thessalonians:5:21 to "Prove all things…" This study guide is intended for those who wish to learn and prove the truth about the topic of hell.
What are some of the common ideas concerning hell today?
Where did these different ideas come from? The Bible?
The State of the Dead
ECCLESIASTES 9:5-6,10 For the living know that they will die; but the dead know nothing, and they have no more reward,x for the memory of them is forgotten. Also their love, their hatred, and their envy have now perished; nevermore will they have a share in anything done under the sun. (10) there is no work or device or knowledge or wisdom in the grave where you are going.
PSALM 115:17 The dead do not praise the LORD, nor any who go down into silence.
PSALM 6:5 For in death there is no remembrance of You; in the grave - who will give You thanks?
1. Describe the state of the dead. Are the dead conscious? Do they think? Of what are they aware?
2. What do the above scriptures reveal about the popular idea that the wicked who have died are conscious in the midst of a fire?
JOHN 5:28 Do not marvel at this; for the hour is coming in which all who are in the graves will hear His voice
JOHN 11:43 Now when He had said these things, He cried with a loud voice, "Lazarus, come forth!"
3. What do these verses teach us about where the dead are?
4. How do these verses answer the question about whether the dead live on somewhere after death?
5. Some believe the righteous are with Jesus immediately after they die, and that they see Him and converse with Him. Explain how these verses contradict such a belief.
COMMENT: Note that when Jesus resurrected Lazarus who had been dead for 3 days that He did not say "Come down" or "Come up," but speaking at where Lazarus was entombed, Jesus said "Come forth!"
GENESIS 37:35 And all his sons and all his daughters arose to comfort him; but he refused to be comforted, and he said, "For I shall go down into the grave to my son in mourning." Thus his father wept for him.
6. Vine's Complete Expository Dictionary says this scripture is proof that this is describing a place of conscious existence after death. Do you agree? Why or why not?
When and How the Ungodly Are Punished
II PETER 2:9 the Lord knows how to deliver the godly out of temptations and to reserve the unjust under punishment for the day of judgment
MATTHEW 25:31-32,41,46 " When the Son of Man comes in His glory, and all the holy angels with Him, then He will sit on the throne of His glory. All the nations will be gathered before Him, and He will separate them one from another, as a shepherd divides his sheep from the goats. (41) Then He will also say to those on the left hand, 'Depart from Me, you cursed, into the everlasting fire prepared for the devil and his angels…' " (46) "And these will go away into everlasting punishment, but the righteous into eternal life."
1. When is the "day of judgment" (and the time of punishment) for the unjust?
2. What is the opposite of eternal life? Compare Matthew:25:46 and Romans:6:23.
3. What is the difference between "everlasting punishMENT" and "everlasting punishING"?
4. What is the punishment of the unjust? Read also Revelation:20:15 and comment.
Hell Fire
JUDE 7 as Sodom and Gomorrah, and the cities around them in a similar manner to these … are set forth as an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire.
1. If Sodom and Gomorrah suffered "the vengeance of eternal fire," why are they still not burning? If they are not still burning, what is meant by "eternal fire"?
2. Some believe that the wicked sent to hell will burn forever. How does this verse andMalachi:4:1 contradict this belief?
3. Popular belief is that a "soul" cannot perish in hell fire, but that it will undergo punishing forever. What do Matthew:10:28 and Ezekiel:18:20 say about the validity of that belief?
Four Words Translated "hell" in the Bible.
A. Sheol (Hebrew) It's used 65 times in the Old Testament and means "grave."
A. Sheol (Hebrew) It's used 65 times in the Old Testament and means "grave."
B. Hades (Greek) It's used 11 times in the New Testament, and like sheol means "grave."
COMMENT: The word "hell" itself is an old English word, and when the Authorized King James version of the Bible was being translated, it was common for people of the time to speak of "putting their potatoes in hell for the winter" to preserve them. At that time the word meant merely a hole in the ground which was covered up.
1. Explain what Jesus meant when He said in Matthew:16:18, "I will build My church, and the gates of Hades shall not prevail against it."
C. Tartaros (Greek) It occurs just once (in II Peter 2:4). It is defined thusly: darkness of the material universe, dark abyss, prison.
II PETER 2:4 For if God did not spare the angels who sinned, but cast them down to hell and delivered them into chains of darkness, to be reserved for judgment
2. Who is in this "hell"? Does this verse say people are there with them?
D. Gehenna (Greek) It is used 12 times. The word is derived from the name of the narrow, rocky Valley of Hinnom located just outside of Jerusalem. It was where garbage and refuse was totally burned up.
COMMENT: Christ used this word in Matthew:10:28 to describe the fate of unrepentant sinners.
Summary
Contrast what most people believe with what God, through the Bible, tells us about:
1. Where the dead are
2. The state of the dead
3. The punishment of the unrepentant
4. When they are punished
5. Hell
2. The state of the dead
3. The punishment of the unrepentant
4. When they are punished
5. Hell
地狱-查考
地狱
基本解释:
①某些宗教认为恶人死后灵魂受苦受罚的地方。佛教认为人在生前做了坏事,死后就要堕入地狱。基督教则称不信仰耶稣的恶人于末日审判后在地狱受永罚。
②比喻黑暗而危难的境地。
What the Bible Says About Hell
Study By: Sid Lit
Key Facts About Eternity
(1) Everyone will exist eternally either in heaven or hell (Daniel 12:2,3;Matthew 25:46; John 5:28; Revelation 20:14,15).
(2) Everyone has only one life in which to determine their destiny (Hebrews 9:27).
(3) Heaven or hell is determined by whether a person believes (puts their trust) in Christ alone to save them (John 3:16, 36, etc.).
Key Passages About Hell
(1) Hell was designed originally for Satan and his demons (Matthew 25:41; Revelation 20:10).
(2) Hell will also punish the sin of those who reject Christ (Matthew 13:41,50; Revelation 20:11-15; 21:8).
(3) Hell is conscious torment.
Matthew 13:50 “furnace of fire…weeping and gnashing of teeth”
Mark 9:48 “where their worm does not die, and the fire is not quenched”
Revelation 14:10 “he will be tormented with fire and brimstone”
(4) Hell is eternal and irreversible.
Revelation 14:11 “the smoke of their torment goes up forever and ever and they have no rest day and night”
Revelation 20:14 “This is the second death, the lake of fire”
Revelation 20:15 “If anyone’s name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown into the lake of fire”
Erroneous Views of Hell
(1) The second chance view – After death there is still a way to escape hell.
Answer: “It is appointed unto men once to die and after that the judgment” (Hebrews 9:27).
(2) Universalism – All are eternally saved.
Answer: It denies the truth of salvation through Christ which means that a person decides to either trust in Christ or else he/she rejects Christ and goes to hell (John 3:16;3:36).
(3) Annihilationism – Hell means a person dies like an animal – ceases to exist.
Answer: It denies the resurrection of the unsaved (John 5:28, etc. – see above). It denies conscious torment (see above).
Objections to the Biblical View of Hell
(1) A loving God would not send people to a horrible hell.
Response: God is just (Romans 2:11).
God has provided the way of salvation to all (John 3:16,17; 2 Corinthians 5:14,15; 1 Timothy 2:6; 4:10; Titus 2:11; 2 Peter 3:9).
Even those who haven’t heard of Christ are accountable for God’s revelation in nature (Romans 1:20). God will seek those who seek Him (Matthew 7:7; Luke 19:10).
Therefore God doesn’t send people to hell, they choose it (Romans 1:18,21,25).
(2) Hell is too severe a punishment for man’s sin.
Response: God is holy-perfect (1 Peter 1:14,15).
Sin is willful opposition to God our creator (Romans 1:18-32).
Our sin does merit hell (Romans 1:32; 2:2,5,6).
What is unfair and amazing is that Christ died for our sin and freely offers salvation to all (Romans 2:4; 3:22-24; 4:7,8; 5:8,9).
Biblical Terms Describing Where the Dead Are
Sheol - a Hebrew term simply describing “the grave” or “death” – Does not refer to “hell” specifically
Hades - A Greek term that usually refers to hell – a place of torment (Luke 10:15; 16:23, etc.)
Gehenna - A Greek term (borrowed from a literal burning dump near Jerusalem) that always refers to hell – a place of torment (Matthew 5:30; 23:33)
“Lake of fire”- the final abode of unbelievers after they are resurrected (Revelation 20:14,15)
“Abraham’s bosom” - (Luke 16:22) a place of eternal comfort
“Paradise” - (Luke 23:43) a place of eternal comfort
“With the Lord” - a key phrase describes where church age believers are after death (Philippians 1:23; 1 Thessalonians 4:17; 2 Corinthians 5:8)
“New heavens and earth” – where believers will be after they are resurrected (Revelation 20:4-6; 21:1-4)
Conclusion
Our curiosity about the abode of the dead is not completely satisfied by biblical terms or verses. What we do know is that either eternal torment in hell or eternal joy in heaven awaits all people after death, based on whether they trust in Christ’s payment for sin or reject Christ.
基本解释:
①某些宗教认为恶人死后灵魂受苦受罚的地方。佛教认为人在生前做了坏事,死后就要堕入地狱。基督教则称不信仰耶稣的恶人于末日审判后在地狱受永罚。
②比喻黑暗而危难的境地。
What the Bible Says About Hell
Study By: Sid Lit
Key Facts About Eternity
(1) Everyone will exist eternally either in heaven or hell (Daniel 12:2,3;Matthew 25:46; John 5:28; Revelation 20:14,15).
(2) Everyone has only one life in which to determine their destiny (Hebrews 9:27).
(3) Heaven or hell is determined by whether a person believes (puts their trust) in Christ alone to save them (John 3:16, 36, etc.).
Key Passages About Hell
(1) Hell was designed originally for Satan and his demons (Matthew 25:41; Revelation 20:10).
(2) Hell will also punish the sin of those who reject Christ (Matthew 13:41,50; Revelation 20:11-15; 21:8).
(3) Hell is conscious torment.
Matthew 13:50 “furnace of fire…weeping and gnashing of teeth”
Mark 9:48 “where their worm does not die, and the fire is not quenched”
Revelation 14:10 “he will be tormented with fire and brimstone”
(4) Hell is eternal and irreversible.
Revelation 14:11 “the smoke of their torment goes up forever and ever and they have no rest day and night”
Revelation 20:14 “This is the second death, the lake of fire”
Revelation 20:15 “If anyone’s name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown into the lake of fire”
Erroneous Views of Hell
(1) The second chance view – After death there is still a way to escape hell.
Answer: “It is appointed unto men once to die and after that the judgment” (Hebrews 9:27).
(2) Universalism – All are eternally saved.
Answer: It denies the truth of salvation through Christ which means that a person decides to either trust in Christ or else he/she rejects Christ and goes to hell (John 3:16;3:36).
(3) Annihilationism – Hell means a person dies like an animal – ceases to exist.
Answer: It denies the resurrection of the unsaved (John 5:28, etc. – see above). It denies conscious torment (see above).
Objections to the Biblical View of Hell
(1) A loving God would not send people to a horrible hell.
Response: God is just (Romans 2:11).
God has provided the way of salvation to all (John 3:16,17; 2 Corinthians 5:14,15; 1 Timothy 2:6; 4:10; Titus 2:11; 2 Peter 3:9).
Even those who haven’t heard of Christ are accountable for God’s revelation in nature (Romans 1:20). God will seek those who seek Him (Matthew 7:7; Luke 19:10).
Therefore God doesn’t send people to hell, they choose it (Romans 1:18,21,25).
(2) Hell is too severe a punishment for man’s sin.
Response: God is holy-perfect (1 Peter 1:14,15).
Sin is willful opposition to God our creator (Romans 1:18-32).
Our sin does merit hell (Romans 1:32; 2:2,5,6).
What is unfair and amazing is that Christ died for our sin and freely offers salvation to all (Romans 2:4; 3:22-24; 4:7,8; 5:8,9).
Biblical Terms Describing Where the Dead Are
Sheol - a Hebrew term simply describing “the grave” or “death” – Does not refer to “hell” specifically
Hades - A Greek term that usually refers to hell – a place of torment (Luke 10:15; 16:23, etc.)
Gehenna - A Greek term (borrowed from a literal burning dump near Jerusalem) that always refers to hell – a place of torment (Matthew 5:30; 23:33)
“Lake of fire”- the final abode of unbelievers after they are resurrected (Revelation 20:14,15)
“Abraham’s bosom” - (Luke 16:22) a place of eternal comfort
“Paradise” - (Luke 23:43) a place of eternal comfort
“With the Lord” - a key phrase describes where church age believers are after death (Philippians 1:23; 1 Thessalonians 4:17; 2 Corinthians 5:8)
“New heavens and earth” – where believers will be after they are resurrected (Revelation 20:4-6; 21:1-4)
Conclusion
Our curiosity about the abode of the dead is not completely satisfied by biblical terms or verses. What we do know is that either eternal torment in hell or eternal joy in heaven awaits all people after death, based on whether they trust in Christ’s payment for sin or reject Christ.
2011年12月30日星期五
'地狱'与“阴间”的区别 -查考
邹光导读:所有kjv 中的 '地狱' 均对应hell,而“阴间”对应grave 和hell,所以把“阴间”还原成“坟墓”或 '地狱' ,取消 “阴间” ,则更清晰,准确。有趣的是旧约无'地狱','地狱'只存于新约。
详看以下搜索。
在 '新旧约' 中的查找 '地狱' 的结果: 匹配数据 13 条
(新约)
太(Mat)
5:22 只是我告诉你们,凡向弟兄动怒的,难免受审判。(有古卷在凡字下添无缘无故的五字)凡骂弟兄是拉加的,难免公会的审断。凡骂弟兄是魔利的,难免地狱的火。
But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment: and whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council: but whosoever shall say, Thou fool, shall be in danger of hell fire.
(新约)
太(Mat)
5:29 若是你的右眼叫你跌倒,就挖出来丢掉。宁可失去百体中的一体,不叫全身丢在地狱里。
And if thy right eye offend thee, pluck it out, and cast it from thee: for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell.
(新约)
太(Mat)
5:30 若是右手叫你跌倒,就砍下来丢掉。宁可失去百体中的一体,不叫全身下地狱。
And if thy right hand offend thee, cut it off, and cast it from thee: for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell.
(新约)
太(Mat)
10:28 那杀身体不能杀灵魂的,不要怕他们。惟有能把身体和灵魂都灭在地狱里的,正要怕他。
And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul: but rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and body in hell.
(新约)
太(Mat)
18:9 倘若你一只眼叫你跌倒,就把他挖出来丢掉。你只有一只眼进入永生,强如有两只眼被丢在地狱的火里。
And if thine eye offend thee, pluck it out, and cast it from thee: it is better for thee to enter into life with one eye, rather than having two eyes to be cast into hell fire.
(新约)
太(Mat)
23:15 你们这假冒为善的文士法利赛人有祸了。因为你们走遍洋海陆地,勾引一个人入教。既入了教,却使他作地狱之子,比你们还加倍。
Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye compass sea and land to make one proselyte, and when he is made, ye make him twofold more the child of hell than yourselves.
(新约)
太(Mat)
23:33 你们这些蛇类,毒蛇之种阿,怎能逃脱地狱的刑罚呢。
Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye escape the damnation of hell?
(新约)
可(Mak)
9:44 你缺了肢体进入永生,强如有两只手落到地狱,入那不灭的火里去。
Where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched.
(新约)
可(Mak)
9:46 你瘸腿进入永生,强如有两只脚被丢在地狱里。
Where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched.
(新约)
可(Mak)
9:47 倘若你一只眼叫你跌倒,就去掉他。你只有一只眼进入神的国,强如有两只眼被丢在地狱里。
And if thine eye offend thee, pluck it out: it is better for thee to enter into the kingdom of God with one eye, than having two eyes to be cast into hell fire:
(新约)
路(Luk)
12:5 我要指示你们当怕的是谁。当怕那杀了以后,又有权柄丢在地狱里的。我实在告诉你们,正要怕他。
But I will forewarn you whom ye shall fear: Fear him, which after he hath killed hath power to cast into hell; yea, I say unto you, Fear him.
(新约)
雅(Jas)
3:6 舌头就是火,在我们百体中,舌头是个罪恶的世界,能污秽全身,也能把生命的轮子点起来,并且是从地狱里点着的。
And the tongue is a fire, a world of iniquity: so is the tongue among our members, that it defileth the whole body, and setteth on fire the course of nature; and it is set on fire of hell.
(新约)
彼后(2Pe)
2:4 就是天使犯了罪,神也没有宽容,曾把他们丢在地狱,交在黑暗坑中,等候审判。
For if God spared not the angels that sinned, but cast them down to hell, and delivered them into chains of darkness, to be reserved unto judgment;
详看以下搜索。
在 '新旧约' 中的查找 '地狱' 的结果: 匹配数据 13 条
(新约)
太(Mat)
5:22 只是我告诉你们,凡向弟兄动怒的,难免受审判。(有古卷在凡字下添无缘无故的五字)凡骂弟兄是拉加的,难免公会的审断。凡骂弟兄是魔利的,难免地狱的火。
But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment: and whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council: but whosoever shall say, Thou fool, shall be in danger of hell fire.
(新约)
太(Mat)
5:29 若是你的右眼叫你跌倒,就挖出来丢掉。宁可失去百体中的一体,不叫全身丢在地狱里。
And if thy right eye offend thee, pluck it out, and cast it from thee: for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell.
(新约)
太(Mat)
5:30 若是右手叫你跌倒,就砍下来丢掉。宁可失去百体中的一体,不叫全身下地狱。
And if thy right hand offend thee, cut it off, and cast it from thee: for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell.
(新约)
太(Mat)
10:28 那杀身体不能杀灵魂的,不要怕他们。惟有能把身体和灵魂都灭在地狱里的,正要怕他。
And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul: but rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and body in hell.
(新约)
太(Mat)
18:9 倘若你一只眼叫你跌倒,就把他挖出来丢掉。你只有一只眼进入永生,强如有两只眼被丢在地狱的火里。
And if thine eye offend thee, pluck it out, and cast it from thee: it is better for thee to enter into life with one eye, rather than having two eyes to be cast into hell fire.
(新约)
太(Mat)
23:15 你们这假冒为善的文士法利赛人有祸了。因为你们走遍洋海陆地,勾引一个人入教。既入了教,却使他作地狱之子,比你们还加倍。
Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye compass sea and land to make one proselyte, and when he is made, ye make him twofold more the child of hell than yourselves.
(新约)
太(Mat)
23:33 你们这些蛇类,毒蛇之种阿,怎能逃脱地狱的刑罚呢。
Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye escape the damnation of hell?
(新约)
可(Mak)
9:44 你缺了肢体进入永生,强如有两只手落到地狱,入那不灭的火里去。
Where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched.
(新约)
可(Mak)
9:46 你瘸腿进入永生,强如有两只脚被丢在地狱里。
Where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched.
(新约)
可(Mak)
9:47 倘若你一只眼叫你跌倒,就去掉他。你只有一只眼进入神的国,强如有两只眼被丢在地狱里。
And if thine eye offend thee, pluck it out: it is better for thee to enter into the kingdom of God with one eye, than having two eyes to be cast into hell fire:
(新约)
路(Luk)
12:5 我要指示你们当怕的是谁。当怕那杀了以后,又有权柄丢在地狱里的。我实在告诉你们,正要怕他。
But I will forewarn you whom ye shall fear: Fear him, which after he hath killed hath power to cast into hell; yea, I say unto you, Fear him.
(新约)
雅(Jas)
3:6 舌头就是火,在我们百体中,舌头是个罪恶的世界,能污秽全身,也能把生命的轮子点起来,并且是从地狱里点着的。
And the tongue is a fire, a world of iniquity: so is the tongue among our members, that it defileth the whole body, and setteth on fire the course of nature; and it is set on fire of hell.
(新约)
彼后(2Pe)
2:4 就是天使犯了罪,神也没有宽容,曾把他们丢在地狱,交在黑暗坑中,等候审判。
For if God spared not the angels that sinned, but cast them down to hell, and delivered them into chains of darkness, to be reserved unto judgment;
2011年12月26日星期一
旧约中“阴间”翻译查考
旧约中许多句中的grave被翻译成“阴间”(1.房宿北二星的中间。
2.迷信谓人死后灵魂所到的地方。) 是不准确的,最好还是译为“坟墓”,埋葬尸骨的地方,与hell(死后灵魂所到的地方)分开。
(旧约)
创(Gen)
37:35 他的儿女都起来安慰他,他却不肯受安慰,说,我必悲哀着下阴间,到我儿子那里。约瑟的父亲就为他哀哭。
And all his sons and all his daughters rose up to comfort him; but he refused to be comforted; and he said, For I will go down into the grave unto my son mourning. Thus his father wept for him.
(旧约)
赛(Isa)
28:18 你们与死亡所立的约,必然废掉,与阴间所结的盟,必立不住。敌军(原文作鞭子)如水涨漫经过的时候,你们必被他践踏。
And your covenant with death shall be disannulled, and your agreement with hell shall not stand; when the overflowing scourge shall pass through, then ye shall be trodden down by it.
(旧约)
赛(Isa)
38:10 我说,正在我中年(或作晌午)之日,必进入阴间的门。我余剩的年岁不得享受。
I said in the cutting off of my days, I shall go to the gates of the grave: I am deprived of the residue of my years.
(旧约)
赛(Isa)
38:18 原来阴间不能称谢你,死亡不能颂扬你,下坑的人不能盼望你的诚实。
For the grave cannot praise thee, death can not celebrate thee: they that go down into the pit cannot hope for thy truth.
(旧约)
赛(Isa)
57:9 你把油带到王那里,又多加香料,打发使者往远方去,自卑自贱直到阴间。
And thou wentest to the king with ointment, and didst increase thy perfumes, and didst send thy messengers far off, and didst debase thyself even unto hell.
(旧约)
结(Eze)
31:15 主耶和华如此说,它下阴间的那日,我便使人悲哀。我为它遮盖深渊,使江河凝结,大水停流。我也使黎巴嫩为它凄惨,田野的诸树都因它发昏。
Thus saith the Lord GOD; In the day when he went down to the grave I caused a mourning: I covered the deep for him, and I restrained the floods thereof, and the great waters were stayed: and I caused Lebanon to mourn for him, and all the trees of the field fainted for him.
(旧约)
结(Eze)
31:16 我将它扔到阴间,与下坑的人一同下去。那时,列国听见它坠落的响声就都震动,并且伊甸的一切树就是黎巴嫩得水滋润,最佳最美的树都在阴府受了安慰。
I made the nations to shake at the sound of his fall, when I cast him down to hell with them that descend into the pit: and all the trees of Eden, the choice and best of Lebanon, all that drink water, shall be comforted in the nether parts of the earth.
(旧约)
结(Eze)
31:17 它们也与它同下阴间,到被杀的人那里。它们曾作它的膀臂,在列国中它的荫下居住。
They also went down into hell with him unto them that be slain with the sword; and they that were his arm, that dwelt under his shadow in the midst of the heathen.
(旧约)
结(Eze)
32:21 强盛的勇士要在阴间对埃及王和帮助他的说话。他们是未受割礼被杀的人,已经下去,躺卧不动。
The strong among the mighty shall speak to him out of the midst of hell with them that help him: they are gone down, they lie uncircumcised, slain by the sword.
(旧约)
结(Eze)
32:27 他们不得与那未受割礼仆倒的勇士一同躺卧。这些勇士带着兵器下阴间,头枕刀剑,骨头上有本身的罪孽。他们曾在活人之地使勇士惊恐。
And they shall not lie with the mighty that are fallen of the uncircumcised, which are gone down to hell with their weapons of war: and they have laid their swords under their heads, but their iniquities shall be upon their bones, though they were the terror of the mighty in the land of the living.
(旧约)
何(Hos)
13:14 我必救赎他们脱离阴间,救赎他们脱离死亡。死亡阿,你的灾害在哪里呢。阴间哪,你的毁灭在哪里呢。在我眼前绝无后悔之事。
I will ransom them from the power of the grave; I will redeem them from death: O death, I will be thy plagues; O grave, I will be thy destruction: repentance shall be hid from mine eyes.
(旧约)
创(Gen)
42:38 雅各说:“我的儿子不可与你们一同下去,他哥哥死了,只剩下他,他若在你们所行的路上遭害,那便是你们使我白发苍苍、悲悲惨惨地下阴间去了。”
And he said, My son shall not go down with you; for his brother is dead, and he is left alone: if mischief befall him by the way in the which ye go, then shall ye bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to the grave.
(旧约)
创(Gen)
44:29 现在你们又要把这个带去离开我,倘若他遭害,那便是你们使我白发苍苍、悲悲惨惨地下阴间去了。’
And if ye take this also from me, and mischief befall him, ye shall bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to the grave.
(旧约)
创(Gen)
44:31 我们的父亲见没有童子,他就必死。这便是我们使你仆人我们的父亲,白发苍苍、悲悲惨惨地下阴间去了。
It shall come to pass, when he seeth that the lad is not with us, that he will die: and thy servants shall bring down the gray hairs of thy servant our father with sorrow to the grave.
(旧约)
民(Num)
16:30 倘若耶和华创作一件新事,使地开口,把他们和一切属他们的都吞下去,叫他们活活地坠落阴间,你们就明白这些人是藐视耶和华了。
But if the LORD make a new thing, and the earth open her mouth, and swallow them up, with all that appertain unto them, and they go down quick into the pit; then ye shall understand that these men have provoked the LORD.
(旧约)
民(Num)
16:33 这样,他们和一切属他们的,都活活地坠落阴间。地口在他们上头照旧合闭,他们就从会中灭亡。
They, and all that appertained to them, went down alive into the pit, and the earth closed upon them: and they perished from among the congregation.
(旧约)
申(Deu)
32:22 因为在我怒中有火烧起,直烧到极深的阴间,把地和地的出产尽都焚烧,山的根基也烧着了。
For a fire is kindled in mine anger, and shall burn unto the lowest hell, and shall consume the earth with her increase, and set on fire the foundations of the mountains.
(旧约)
撒上(1Sa)
2:6 耶和华使人死,也使人活,使人下阴间,也使人往上升。
The LORD killeth, and maketh alive: he bringeth down to the grave, and bringeth up.
(旧约)
撒下(2Sa)
22:6 阴间的绳索缠绕我,死亡的网罗临到我。
The sorrows of hell compassed me about; the snares of death prevented me;
(旧约)
王上(1Ki)
2:6 所以你要照你的智慧行,不容他白头安然下阴间。
Do therefore according to thy wisdom, and let not his hoar head go down to the grave in peace.
(旧约)
王上(1Ki)
2:9 现在你不要以他为无罪。你是聪明人,必知道怎样待他,使他白头见杀,流血下到阴间。
Now therefore hold him not guiltless: for thou art a wise man, and knowest what thou oughtest to do unto him; but his hoar head bring thou down to the grave with blood.
(旧约)
伯(Job)
7:9 云彩消散而过。照样,人下阴间也不再上来。
As the cloud is consumed and vanisheth away: so he that goeth down to the grave shall come up no more.
(旧约)
伯(Job)
11:8 他的智慧高于天,你还能做什么。深于阴间,你还能知道什么。
It is as high as heaven; what canst thou do? deeper than hell; what canst thou know?
(旧约)
伯(Job)
14:13 惟愿你把我藏在阴间,存于隐密处,等你的忿怒过去。愿你为我定了日期,记念我。
O that thou wouldest hide me in the grave, that thou wouldest keep me secret, until thy wrath be past, that thou wouldest appoint me a set time, and remember me!
(旧约)
伯(Job)
17:13 我若盼望阴间为我的房屋,若下榻在黑暗中,
If I wait, the grave is mine house: I have made my bed in the darkness.
(旧约)
伯(Job)
17:16 等到安息在尘土中,这指望必下到阴间的门闩那里了。
They shall go down to the bars of the pit, when our rest together is in the dust.
(旧约)
伯(Job)
21:13 他们度日诸事亨通,转眼下入阴间。
They spend their days in wealth, and in a moment go down to the grave.
(旧约)
伯(Job)
24:19 干旱炎热消没雪水,阴间也如此消没犯罪之辈。
Drought and heat consume the snow waters: so doth the grave those which have sinned.
(旧约)
伯(Job)
26:6 在神面前,阴间显露。灭亡也不得遮掩。
Hell is naked before him, and destruction hath no covering.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
6:5 因为在死地无人记念你,在阴间有谁称谢你。
For in death there is no remembrance of thee: in the grave who shall give thee thanks?
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
9:17 恶人,就是忘记神的外邦人,都必归到阴间。
The wicked shall be turned into hell, and all the nations that forget God.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
16:10 因为你必不将我的灵魂撇在阴间。也不叫你的圣者见朽坏。
For thou wilt not leave my soul in hell; neither wilt thou suffer thine Holy One to see corruption.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
18:5 阴间的绳索缠绕我。死亡的网罗临到我。
The sorrows of hell compassed me about: the snares of death prevented me.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
30:3 耶和华阿,你曾把我的灵魂从阴间救上来,使我存活,不至于下坑。
O LORD, thou hast brought up my soul from the grave: thou hast kept me alive, that I should not go down to the pit.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
31:17 耶和华阿,求你叫我不至羞愧。因为我曾呼吁你。求你使恶人羞愧,使他们在阴间缄默无声。
Let me not be ashamed, O LORD; for I have called upon thee: let the wicked be ashamed, and let them be silent in the grave.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
49:14 他们如同羊群派定下阴间。死亡必作他们的牧者。到了早晨,正直人必管辖他们。他们的美容,必被阴间所灭,以致无处可存。
Like sheep they are laid in the grave; death shall feed on them; and the upright shall have dominion over them in the morning; and their beauty shall consume in the grave from their dwelling.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
49:15 只是神必救赎我的灵魂,脱离阴间的权柄,因他必收纳我。(细拉)
But God will redeem my soul from the power of the grave: for he shall receive me. Selah.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
55:15 愿死亡忽然临到他们。愿他们活活的下入阴间。因为他们的住处,他们的心中,都是邪恶。
Let death seize upon them, and let them go down quick into hell: for wickedness is in their dwellings, and among them.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
86:13 因为你向我发的慈爱是大的。你救了我的灵魂,免入极深的阴间。
For great is thy mercy toward me: and thou hast delivered my soul from the lowest hell.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
88:3 因为我心里满了患难,我的性命临近阴间。
For my soul is full of troubles: and my life draweth nigh unto the grave.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
89:48 谁能常活免死,救他的灵魂脱离阴间的权柄呢。(细拉)
What man is he that liveth, and shall not see death? shall he deliver his soul from the hand of the grave? Selah.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
116:3 死亡的绳索缠绕我,阴间的痛苦抓住我。我遭遇患难愁苦。
The sorrows of death compassed me, and the pains of hell gat hold upon me: I found trouble and sorrow.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
139:8 我若升到天上,你在那里。我若在阴间下榻,你也在那里。
If I ascend up into heaven, thou art there: if I make my bed in hell, behold, thou art there.
(旧约)
箴(Pro)
1:12 我们好像阴间,把他们活活吞下。他们如同下坑的人,被我们囫囵吞了。
Let us swallow them up alive as the grave; and whole, as those that go down into the pit:
(旧约)
箴(Pro)
2:18 他的家陷入死地,他的路偏向阴间。
For her house inclineth unto death, and her paths unto the dead.
(旧约)
箴(Pro)
5:5 他的脚,下入死地。他脚步,踏住阴间。
Her feet go down to death; her steps take hold on hell.
(旧约)
箴(Pro)
7:27 他的家是在阴间之路,下到死亡之宫。
Her house is the way to hell, going down to the chambers of death.
(旧约)
箴(Pro)
9:18 人却不知有阴魂在他那里。他的客在阴间的深处。
But he knoweth not that the dead are there; and that her guests are in the depths of hell.
(旧约)
箴(Pro)
15:11 阴间和死亡,尚在耶和华眼前,何况世人的心呢。
Hell and destruction are before the LORD: how much more then the hearts of the children of men?
(旧约)
箴(Pro)
15:24 智慧人从生命的道上升,使他远离在下的阴间。
The way of life is above to the wise, that he may depart from hell beneath.
(旧约)
箴(Pro)
23:14 你要用杖打他,就可以救他的灵魂免下阴间。
Thou shalt beat him with the rod, and shalt deliver his soul from hell.
(旧约)
箴(Pro)
27:20 阴间和灭亡,永不满足。人的眼目,也是如此。
Hell and destruction are never full; so the eyes of man are never satisfied.
(旧约)
箴(Pro)
30:16 就是阴间,和石胎,浸水不足的地,并火。
The grave; and the barren womb; the earth that is not filled with water; and the fire that saith not, It is enough.
(旧约)
传(Ecc)
9:10 凡你手所当作的事,要尽力去作。因为在你所必去的阴间,没有工作,没有谋算,没有知识,也没有智慧。
Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might; for there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in the grave, whither thou goest.
(旧约)
歌(Son)
8:6 求你将我放在心上如印记,带在你臂上如戳记。因为爱情如死之坚强。嫉恨如阴间之残忍。所发的电光,是火焰的电光,是耶和华的烈焰。
Set me as a seal upon thine heart, as a seal upon thine arm: for love is strong as death; jealousy is cruel as the grave: the coals thereof are coals of fire, which hath a most vehement flame.
(旧约)
赛(Isa)
5:14 故此,阴间扩张其欲,开了无限量的口。他们的荣耀,群众,繁华,并快乐的人,都落在其中。
Therefore hell hath enlarged herself, and opened her mouth without measure: and their glory, and their multitude, and their pomp, and he that rejoiceth, shall descend into it.
(旧约)
赛(Isa)
14:9 你下到阴间,阴间就因你震动,来迎接你。又因你惊动在世曾为首领的阴魂,并使那曾为列国君王的,都离位站起。
Hell from beneath is moved for thee to meet thee at thy coming: it stirreth up the dead for thee, even all the chief ones of the earth; it hath raised up from their thrones all the kings of the nations.
(旧约)
赛(Isa)
14:11 你的威势,和你琴瑟的声音,都下到阴间。你下铺的是虫,上盖的是蛆。
Thy pomp is brought down to the grave, and the noise of thy viols: the worm is spread under thee, and the worms cover thee.
(旧约)
赛(Isa)
14:15 然而你必坠落阴间,到坑中极深之处。
Yet thou shalt be brought down to hell, to the sides of the pit.
(旧约)
赛(Isa)
28:15 你们曾说,我们与死亡立约,与阴间结盟。敌军(原文作鞭子)如水涨漫经过的时候,必不临到我们。因我们以谎言为避所,在虚假以下藏身。
Because ye have said, We have made a covenant with death, and with hell are we at agreement; when the overflowing scourge shall pass through, it shall not come unto us: for we have made lies our refuge, and under falsehood have we hid ourselves:
(旧约)
摩(Amo)
9:2 他们虽然挖透阴间,我的手必取出他们来。虽然爬上天去,我必拿下他们来。
Though they dig into hell, thence shall mine hand take them; though they climb up to heaven, thence will I bring them down:
(旧约)
拿(Jon)
2:2 说,我遭遇患难求告耶和华,你就应允我。从阴间的深处呼求,你就俯听我的声音。
And said, I cried by reason of mine affliction unto the LORD, and he heard me; out of the belly of hell cried I, and thou heardest my voice.
(旧约)
哈(Hab)
2:5 迦勒底人因酒诡诈,狂傲,不住在家中,扩充心欲,好像阴间。他如死不能知足,聚集万国,堆积万民,都归自己。
Yea also, because he transgresseth by wine, he is a proud man, neither keepeth at home, who enlargeth his desire as hell, and is as death, and cannot be satisfied, but gathereth unto him all nations, and heapeth unto him all people:
2.迷信谓人死后灵魂所到的地方。) 是不准确的,最好还是译为“坟墓”,埋葬尸骨的地方,与hell(死后灵魂所到的地方)分开。
(旧约)
创(Gen)
37:35 他的儿女都起来安慰他,他却不肯受安慰,说,我必悲哀着下阴间,到我儿子那里。约瑟的父亲就为他哀哭。
And all his sons and all his daughters rose up to comfort him; but he refused to be comforted; and he said, For I will go down into the grave unto my son mourning. Thus his father wept for him.
(旧约)
赛(Isa)
28:18 你们与死亡所立的约,必然废掉,与阴间所结的盟,必立不住。敌军(原文作鞭子)如水涨漫经过的时候,你们必被他践踏。
And your covenant with death shall be disannulled, and your agreement with hell shall not stand; when the overflowing scourge shall pass through, then ye shall be trodden down by it.
(旧约)
赛(Isa)
38:10 我说,正在我中年(或作晌午)之日,必进入阴间的门。我余剩的年岁不得享受。
I said in the cutting off of my days, I shall go to the gates of the grave: I am deprived of the residue of my years.
(旧约)
赛(Isa)
38:18 原来阴间不能称谢你,死亡不能颂扬你,下坑的人不能盼望你的诚实。
For the grave cannot praise thee, death can not celebrate thee: they that go down into the pit cannot hope for thy truth.
(旧约)
赛(Isa)
57:9 你把油带到王那里,又多加香料,打发使者往远方去,自卑自贱直到阴间。
And thou wentest to the king with ointment, and didst increase thy perfumes, and didst send thy messengers far off, and didst debase thyself even unto hell.
(旧约)
结(Eze)
31:15 主耶和华如此说,它下阴间的那日,我便使人悲哀。我为它遮盖深渊,使江河凝结,大水停流。我也使黎巴嫩为它凄惨,田野的诸树都因它发昏。
Thus saith the Lord GOD; In the day when he went down to the grave I caused a mourning: I covered the deep for him, and I restrained the floods thereof, and the great waters were stayed: and I caused Lebanon to mourn for him, and all the trees of the field fainted for him.
(旧约)
结(Eze)
31:16 我将它扔到阴间,与下坑的人一同下去。那时,列国听见它坠落的响声就都震动,并且伊甸的一切树就是黎巴嫩得水滋润,最佳最美的树都在阴府受了安慰。
I made the nations to shake at the sound of his fall, when I cast him down to hell with them that descend into the pit: and all the trees of Eden, the choice and best of Lebanon, all that drink water, shall be comforted in the nether parts of the earth.
(旧约)
结(Eze)
31:17 它们也与它同下阴间,到被杀的人那里。它们曾作它的膀臂,在列国中它的荫下居住。
They also went down into hell with him unto them that be slain with the sword; and they that were his arm, that dwelt under his shadow in the midst of the heathen.
(旧约)
结(Eze)
32:21 强盛的勇士要在阴间对埃及王和帮助他的说话。他们是未受割礼被杀的人,已经下去,躺卧不动。
The strong among the mighty shall speak to him out of the midst of hell with them that help him: they are gone down, they lie uncircumcised, slain by the sword.
(旧约)
结(Eze)
32:27 他们不得与那未受割礼仆倒的勇士一同躺卧。这些勇士带着兵器下阴间,头枕刀剑,骨头上有本身的罪孽。他们曾在活人之地使勇士惊恐。
And they shall not lie with the mighty that are fallen of the uncircumcised, which are gone down to hell with their weapons of war: and they have laid their swords under their heads, but their iniquities shall be upon their bones, though they were the terror of the mighty in the land of the living.
(旧约)
何(Hos)
13:14 我必救赎他们脱离阴间,救赎他们脱离死亡。死亡阿,你的灾害在哪里呢。阴间哪,你的毁灭在哪里呢。在我眼前绝无后悔之事。
I will ransom them from the power of the grave; I will redeem them from death: O death, I will be thy plagues; O grave, I will be thy destruction: repentance shall be hid from mine eyes.
(旧约)
创(Gen)
42:38 雅各说:“我的儿子不可与你们一同下去,他哥哥死了,只剩下他,他若在你们所行的路上遭害,那便是你们使我白发苍苍、悲悲惨惨地下阴间去了。”
And he said, My son shall not go down with you; for his brother is dead, and he is left alone: if mischief befall him by the way in the which ye go, then shall ye bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to the grave.
(旧约)
创(Gen)
44:29 现在你们又要把这个带去离开我,倘若他遭害,那便是你们使我白发苍苍、悲悲惨惨地下阴间去了。’
And if ye take this also from me, and mischief befall him, ye shall bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to the grave.
(旧约)
创(Gen)
44:31 我们的父亲见没有童子,他就必死。这便是我们使你仆人我们的父亲,白发苍苍、悲悲惨惨地下阴间去了。
It shall come to pass, when he seeth that the lad is not with us, that he will die: and thy servants shall bring down the gray hairs of thy servant our father with sorrow to the grave.
(旧约)
民(Num)
16:30 倘若耶和华创作一件新事,使地开口,把他们和一切属他们的都吞下去,叫他们活活地坠落阴间,你们就明白这些人是藐视耶和华了。
But if the LORD make a new thing, and the earth open her mouth, and swallow them up, with all that appertain unto them, and they go down quick into the pit; then ye shall understand that these men have provoked the LORD.
(旧约)
民(Num)
16:33 这样,他们和一切属他们的,都活活地坠落阴间。地口在他们上头照旧合闭,他们就从会中灭亡。
They, and all that appertained to them, went down alive into the pit, and the earth closed upon them: and they perished from among the congregation.
(旧约)
申(Deu)
32:22 因为在我怒中有火烧起,直烧到极深的阴间,把地和地的出产尽都焚烧,山的根基也烧着了。
For a fire is kindled in mine anger, and shall burn unto the lowest hell, and shall consume the earth with her increase, and set on fire the foundations of the mountains.
(旧约)
撒上(1Sa)
2:6 耶和华使人死,也使人活,使人下阴间,也使人往上升。
The LORD killeth, and maketh alive: he bringeth down to the grave, and bringeth up.
(旧约)
撒下(2Sa)
22:6 阴间的绳索缠绕我,死亡的网罗临到我。
The sorrows of hell compassed me about; the snares of death prevented me;
(旧约)
王上(1Ki)
2:6 所以你要照你的智慧行,不容他白头安然下阴间。
Do therefore according to thy wisdom, and let not his hoar head go down to the grave in peace.
(旧约)
王上(1Ki)
2:9 现在你不要以他为无罪。你是聪明人,必知道怎样待他,使他白头见杀,流血下到阴间。
Now therefore hold him not guiltless: for thou art a wise man, and knowest what thou oughtest to do unto him; but his hoar head bring thou down to the grave with blood.
(旧约)
伯(Job)
7:9 云彩消散而过。照样,人下阴间也不再上来。
As the cloud is consumed and vanisheth away: so he that goeth down to the grave shall come up no more.
(旧约)
伯(Job)
11:8 他的智慧高于天,你还能做什么。深于阴间,你还能知道什么。
It is as high as heaven; what canst thou do? deeper than hell; what canst thou know?
(旧约)
伯(Job)
14:13 惟愿你把我藏在阴间,存于隐密处,等你的忿怒过去。愿你为我定了日期,记念我。
O that thou wouldest hide me in the grave, that thou wouldest keep me secret, until thy wrath be past, that thou wouldest appoint me a set time, and remember me!
(旧约)
伯(Job)
17:13 我若盼望阴间为我的房屋,若下榻在黑暗中,
If I wait, the grave is mine house: I have made my bed in the darkness.
(旧约)
伯(Job)
17:16 等到安息在尘土中,这指望必下到阴间的门闩那里了。
They shall go down to the bars of the pit, when our rest together is in the dust.
(旧约)
伯(Job)
21:13 他们度日诸事亨通,转眼下入阴间。
They spend their days in wealth, and in a moment go down to the grave.
(旧约)
伯(Job)
24:19 干旱炎热消没雪水,阴间也如此消没犯罪之辈。
Drought and heat consume the snow waters: so doth the grave those which have sinned.
(旧约)
伯(Job)
26:6 在神面前,阴间显露。灭亡也不得遮掩。
Hell is naked before him, and destruction hath no covering.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
6:5 因为在死地无人记念你,在阴间有谁称谢你。
For in death there is no remembrance of thee: in the grave who shall give thee thanks?
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
9:17 恶人,就是忘记神的外邦人,都必归到阴间。
The wicked shall be turned into hell, and all the nations that forget God.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
16:10 因为你必不将我的灵魂撇在阴间。也不叫你的圣者见朽坏。
For thou wilt not leave my soul in hell; neither wilt thou suffer thine Holy One to see corruption.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
18:5 阴间的绳索缠绕我。死亡的网罗临到我。
The sorrows of hell compassed me about: the snares of death prevented me.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
30:3 耶和华阿,你曾把我的灵魂从阴间救上来,使我存活,不至于下坑。
O LORD, thou hast brought up my soul from the grave: thou hast kept me alive, that I should not go down to the pit.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
31:17 耶和华阿,求你叫我不至羞愧。因为我曾呼吁你。求你使恶人羞愧,使他们在阴间缄默无声。
Let me not be ashamed, O LORD; for I have called upon thee: let the wicked be ashamed, and let them be silent in the grave.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
49:14 他们如同羊群派定下阴间。死亡必作他们的牧者。到了早晨,正直人必管辖他们。他们的美容,必被阴间所灭,以致无处可存。
Like sheep they are laid in the grave; death shall feed on them; and the upright shall have dominion over them in the morning; and their beauty shall consume in the grave from their dwelling.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
49:15 只是神必救赎我的灵魂,脱离阴间的权柄,因他必收纳我。(细拉)
But God will redeem my soul from the power of the grave: for he shall receive me. Selah.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
55:15 愿死亡忽然临到他们。愿他们活活的下入阴间。因为他们的住处,他们的心中,都是邪恶。
Let death seize upon them, and let them go down quick into hell: for wickedness is in their dwellings, and among them.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
86:13 因为你向我发的慈爱是大的。你救了我的灵魂,免入极深的阴间。
For great is thy mercy toward me: and thou hast delivered my soul from the lowest hell.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
88:3 因为我心里满了患难,我的性命临近阴间。
For my soul is full of troubles: and my life draweth nigh unto the grave.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
89:48 谁能常活免死,救他的灵魂脱离阴间的权柄呢。(细拉)
What man is he that liveth, and shall not see death? shall he deliver his soul from the hand of the grave? Selah.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
116:3 死亡的绳索缠绕我,阴间的痛苦抓住我。我遭遇患难愁苦。
The sorrows of death compassed me, and the pains of hell gat hold upon me: I found trouble and sorrow.
(旧约)
诗(Psm)
139:8 我若升到天上,你在那里。我若在阴间下榻,你也在那里。
If I ascend up into heaven, thou art there: if I make my bed in hell, behold, thou art there.
(旧约)
箴(Pro)
1:12 我们好像阴间,把他们活活吞下。他们如同下坑的人,被我们囫囵吞了。
Let us swallow them up alive as the grave; and whole, as those that go down into the pit:
(旧约)
箴(Pro)
2:18 他的家陷入死地,他的路偏向阴间。
For her house inclineth unto death, and her paths unto the dead.
(旧约)
箴(Pro)
5:5 他的脚,下入死地。他脚步,踏住阴间。
Her feet go down to death; her steps take hold on hell.
(旧约)
箴(Pro)
7:27 他的家是在阴间之路,下到死亡之宫。
Her house is the way to hell, going down to the chambers of death.
(旧约)
箴(Pro)
9:18 人却不知有阴魂在他那里。他的客在阴间的深处。
But he knoweth not that the dead are there; and that her guests are in the depths of hell.
(旧约)
箴(Pro)
15:11 阴间和死亡,尚在耶和华眼前,何况世人的心呢。
Hell and destruction are before the LORD: how much more then the hearts of the children of men?
(旧约)
箴(Pro)
15:24 智慧人从生命的道上升,使他远离在下的阴间。
The way of life is above to the wise, that he may depart from hell beneath.
(旧约)
箴(Pro)
23:14 你要用杖打他,就可以救他的灵魂免下阴间。
Thou shalt beat him with the rod, and shalt deliver his soul from hell.
(旧约)
箴(Pro)
27:20 阴间和灭亡,永不满足。人的眼目,也是如此。
Hell and destruction are never full; so the eyes of man are never satisfied.
(旧约)
箴(Pro)
30:16 就是阴间,和石胎,浸水不足的地,并火。
The grave; and the barren womb; the earth that is not filled with water; and the fire that saith not, It is enough.
(旧约)
传(Ecc)
9:10 凡你手所当作的事,要尽力去作。因为在你所必去的阴间,没有工作,没有谋算,没有知识,也没有智慧。
Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might; for there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in the grave, whither thou goest.
(旧约)
歌(Son)
8:6 求你将我放在心上如印记,带在你臂上如戳记。因为爱情如死之坚强。嫉恨如阴间之残忍。所发的电光,是火焰的电光,是耶和华的烈焰。
Set me as a seal upon thine heart, as a seal upon thine arm: for love is strong as death; jealousy is cruel as the grave: the coals thereof are coals of fire, which hath a most vehement flame.
(旧约)
赛(Isa)
5:14 故此,阴间扩张其欲,开了无限量的口。他们的荣耀,群众,繁华,并快乐的人,都落在其中。
Therefore hell hath enlarged herself, and opened her mouth without measure: and their glory, and their multitude, and their pomp, and he that rejoiceth, shall descend into it.
(旧约)
赛(Isa)
14:9 你下到阴间,阴间就因你震动,来迎接你。又因你惊动在世曾为首领的阴魂,并使那曾为列国君王的,都离位站起。
Hell from beneath is moved for thee to meet thee at thy coming: it stirreth up the dead for thee, even all the chief ones of the earth; it hath raised up from their thrones all the kings of the nations.
(旧约)
赛(Isa)
14:11 你的威势,和你琴瑟的声音,都下到阴间。你下铺的是虫,上盖的是蛆。
Thy pomp is brought down to the grave, and the noise of thy viols: the worm is spread under thee, and the worms cover thee.
(旧约)
赛(Isa)
14:15 然而你必坠落阴间,到坑中极深之处。
Yet thou shalt be brought down to hell, to the sides of the pit.
(旧约)
赛(Isa)
28:15 你们曾说,我们与死亡立约,与阴间结盟。敌军(原文作鞭子)如水涨漫经过的时候,必不临到我们。因我们以谎言为避所,在虚假以下藏身。
Because ye have said, We have made a covenant with death, and with hell are we at agreement; when the overflowing scourge shall pass through, it shall not come unto us: for we have made lies our refuge, and under falsehood have we hid ourselves:
(旧约)
摩(Amo)
9:2 他们虽然挖透阴间,我的手必取出他们来。虽然爬上天去,我必拿下他们来。
Though they dig into hell, thence shall mine hand take them; though they climb up to heaven, thence will I bring them down:
(旧约)
拿(Jon)
2:2 说,我遭遇患难求告耶和华,你就应允我。从阴间的深处呼求,你就俯听我的声音。
And said, I cried by reason of mine affliction unto the LORD, and he heard me; out of the belly of hell cried I, and thou heardest my voice.
(旧约)
哈(Hab)
2:5 迦勒底人因酒诡诈,狂傲,不住在家中,扩充心欲,好像阴间。他如死不能知足,聚集万国,堆积万民,都归自己。
Yea also, because he transgresseth by wine, he is a proud man, neither keepeth at home, who enlargeth his desire as hell, and is as death, and cannot be satisfied, but gathereth unto him all nations, and heapeth unto him all people:
在 '新约' 中 '阴间' 专指hell-地狱
在 '新约' 中的查找 '阴间' 的结果: 匹配数据 10 条
(新约)
太(Mat)
11:23 迦百农阿,你已经升到天上。(或作你将要升到天上吗)将来必坠落阴间。因为在你那里所行的异能,若行在所多玛,他还可以存到今日。
And thou, Capernaum, which art exalted unto heaven, shalt be brought down to hell: for if the mighty works, which have been done in thee, had been done in Sodom, it would have remained until this day.
(新约)
太(Mat)
16:18 我还告诉你,你是彼得,我要把我的教会建造在这磐石上,阴间的权柄,不能胜过他。(权柄原文作门)
And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.
(新约)
路(Luk)
10:15 迦百农阿,你已经升到天上。或作你将要升到天上吗将来必推下阴间。
And thou, Capernaum, which art exalted to heaven, shalt be thrust down to hell.
(新约)
路(Luk)
16:23 他在阴间受痛苦,举目远远地望见亚伯拉罕,又望见拉撒路在他怀里,
And in hell he lift up his eyes, being in torments, and seeth Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom.
(新约)
徒(Act)
2:27 因你必不将我的灵魂撇在阴间,也不叫你的圣者见朽坏。
Because thou wilt not leave my soul in hell, neither wilt thou suffer thine Holy One to see corruption.
(新约)
徒(Act)
2:31 就预先看明这事,讲论基督复活说,他的灵魂,不撇在阴间,他的肉身,也不见朽坏。
He seeing this before spake of the resurrection of Christ, that his soul was not left in hell, neither his flesh did see corruption.
(新约)
罗(Rom)
10:7 谁要下到阴间去呢。就是要领基督从死里上来。
Or, Who shall descend into the deep? (that is, to bring up Christ again from the dead.)
(新约)
启(Rev)
1:18 又是那存活的。我曾死过,现在又活了,直活到永永远远。并且拿着死亡和阴间的钥匙。
I am he that liveth, and was dead; and, behold, I am alive for evermore, Amen; and have the keys of hell and of death.
(新约)
启(Rev)
20:13 于是海交出其中的死人。死亡和阴间也交出其中的死人。他们都照各人所行的受审判。
And the sea gave up the dead which were in it; and death and hell delivered up the dead which were in them: and they were judged every man according to their works.
(新约)
启(Rev)
20:14 死亡和阴间也被扔在火湖里。这火湖就是第二次的死。
And death and hell were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death.
(新约)
太(Mat)
11:23 迦百农阿,你已经升到天上。(或作你将要升到天上吗)将来必坠落阴间。因为在你那里所行的异能,若行在所多玛,他还可以存到今日。
And thou, Capernaum, which art exalted unto heaven, shalt be brought down to hell: for if the mighty works, which have been done in thee, had been done in Sodom, it would have remained until this day.
(新约)
太(Mat)
16:18 我还告诉你,你是彼得,我要把我的教会建造在这磐石上,阴间的权柄,不能胜过他。(权柄原文作门)
And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.
(新约)
路(Luk)
10:15 迦百农阿,你已经升到天上。或作你将要升到天上吗将来必推下阴间。
And thou, Capernaum, which art exalted to heaven, shalt be thrust down to hell.
(新约)
路(Luk)
16:23 他在阴间受痛苦,举目远远地望见亚伯拉罕,又望见拉撒路在他怀里,
And in hell he lift up his eyes, being in torments, and seeth Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom.
(新约)
徒(Act)
2:27 因你必不将我的灵魂撇在阴间,也不叫你的圣者见朽坏。
Because thou wilt not leave my soul in hell, neither wilt thou suffer thine Holy One to see corruption.
(新约)
徒(Act)
2:31 就预先看明这事,讲论基督复活说,他的灵魂,不撇在阴间,他的肉身,也不见朽坏。
He seeing this before spake of the resurrection of Christ, that his soul was not left in hell, neither his flesh did see corruption.
(新约)
罗(Rom)
10:7 谁要下到阴间去呢。就是要领基督从死里上来。
Or, Who shall descend into the deep? (that is, to bring up Christ again from the dead.)
(新约)
启(Rev)
1:18 又是那存活的。我曾死过,现在又活了,直活到永永远远。并且拿着死亡和阴间的钥匙。
I am he that liveth, and was dead; and, behold, I am alive for evermore, Amen; and have the keys of hell and of death.
(新约)
启(Rev)
20:13 于是海交出其中的死人。死亡和阴间也交出其中的死人。他们都照各人所行的受审判。
And the sea gave up the dead which were in it; and death and hell delivered up the dead which were in them: and they were judged every man according to their works.
(新约)
启(Rev)
20:14 死亡和阴间也被扔在火湖里。这火湖就是第二次的死。
And death and hell were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death.
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